Progressivismorextensionreform

a. The Harding Administration: (Progressivism) - Used governmental powers to assist American businesses and industries to prosper. - Begun during WW1 The Coolidge Administration: (Progressivism) - Believed that Government should interfere as little as possible in the lives of its citizens. - Little significant legislation brought forth by them. The Hoover Administration: (Reform) - Hoover prepared the path to the NEW DEAL- immediate relief, recovery from economic collapse, and reform to avoid future depressions. - Hoover stressed voluntary action by businesses and labor to keep the economy functioning properly. - Allowed government to become the source of funding for construction and relief programs.

b.Harding Scandals: Secretary of Interior, Albert B. Fall, who was convicted of accepting bribes and illegal no-intrest loans in exchange for leasing public oil fields to business associates + Albert B. Fall became the first member of a presidential cabinent to be sent to prison + Several other cabinent officials and aids were sent to prison for similar offenses. Bonus Bill Veto + Veterans of WWI were promised cash bonuses in 1945, however in 1931, veterans demanded their money now. Herber Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt opposed this Bill. 45,000 veterans marched into Washington in 1932 and were forced out by the Army. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936. c. The nineteenth amendment gave women the right to vote, this in itself is progressive. There isn't much to else to say. d. The Hawley-Smoot tariff was an outragous teriff passed in 1929, and finilized in 1930. The United States was overproducing everything because of the World War, to compensate for the inflation the Hawley-Smoot tariff was written. It was a good idea but turned into a disastor, not only did the countries we traded with decline in trade but world trade declined by 66%. This tariff was one factor that led to the Great Depression, although I don't believe so. Even if it wasn't, it still caused regression in the world therfore making it not progressive.

__ECONOMICS__ Michael Beegle World War I exhausted people. Grief, loss, and hard work made the people ready for a change. The “Roaring Twenties” brought this in a number of ways. Consumerism reached its height in this time period. The “flapper” epitomized consumerism with her makeup, ready made clothes, and cigarettes. Entertainment soared and morals began to slide. All of these factors covered the inflation that was happening in prices. Worker’s salaries increased but did not match the rate of the price increases and farmers were forced further into debt. National economics also suffered with income taxes being the lowest for those who were the wealthiest. In 1924, immigration became limited, reducing the number of workers in the economy. When the stock market crashed in 1929 all the economy’s weaknesses became clear. This was not, however, the start of the Great Depression but just a signal of its onset. The Great Depression most drastically effected national moral by eliminating jobs. In 1929 only three percent of the workforce was unemployed, by 1933 this had reached twenty five percent. Since a quarter of the nation was out of work, people stopped spending money. All durable goods such as automobiles, housing and appliances, didn’t sell and forced people who worked in those industries out of their jobs. People with jobs had to accept pay cuts and were lucky just to be working. Banks lent out more money than they had and many people lost their savings. Family life also changed drastically, with marriage and birth rates falling rapidly while divorce rates grew. All of this kept the economy in a shambles with no hope of relief. Then came the New Deal.  After taking office in 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt sought to bring change to the nation by increasing the role and power of the government in ways Hoover hadn’t. Hoover had been reluctant to use welfare programs to help those in need and did not establish many public works projects. Roosevelt, however, used both of these programs generously. At this time the US also abandoned the gold standard and put more money into circulation, meaning there was more cash circulating than there was gold bullion. Trust in banks was one of the first things Roosevelt sought to restore. This happened with the “bank holiday” and the Emergency Banking Act. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation also helped to restore trust by ensuring the safety of people’s money in case the bank failed. The Public Works Administration appeared at this time as well. Dams, bridges and other public buildings were built, creating more jobs for unemployed people. Work camps were also set up to help people find jobs. Ultimately, it was not the New Deal that ended the Depression but our entry into World War II. In 1940 the unemployment rate was still at fifteen percent. World War II produced many more jobs and finally got the nation back to normal. The New Deal was influential in that it helped alleviate the misery that overtook the people but it also expanded the role of the federal government in ways that should have been cut back after the Depression. This was not the case, however, and we still retain many of these programs today. During this time period the church was ineffectual so the government took over roles that church used to fulfill. As a result, many programs that should be part of the church’s outreach are now government programs and the government becomes the church. It was an ecomonic **BULL** not a BEAR. reasons for the upcoming great depression - 1.)stock market crash of 29 2.)Bank Failures 3.) reduction in purchases (jareds bubble idea) 4.)policy with Europe 5.) Drought conditions ~PS~ The **farmers** had it the worst in the 1920's..... Everything was turning downhill towards the end of the decade but the farmers were hit the hardes t. __Josh Poorman__ The impact Henry Ford and his auto industry had on America is unfathomable; through his first generation Model T and Model A and his firm belief in the assembly line and standardization, he transformed American society in an economic paradise on wheels. The effect his cars had on the country is remarkably positive. Although hindering the railroad octopus greatly, the automobile industry ended isolation between different sections of the nation. America became of network of vines through roads and newly constructed highways. Mud was no longer a factor in traveling and this new freedom of men and women alike partnered the energy of the Roaring 20’s perfectly. This industry and its mass production, standardization ideology allowed numerous smaller industries to flourish. Such industries were those of glass, rubber, steel, fabric, highway construction, and most importantly, oil. The petroleum business skyrocketed especially in big-oil states like Texas, Oklahoma, and California. By 1930, 20 million Model T’s crowded the streets of busy American life, all fueled through gasoline engines. This new industry created thousands of new jobs. Surprising, these Model T’s could be purchased for the reasonable price of $260 which was not a long shot for a well-to-do family. All of these factors helped propel American life through a prosperous era that a businessman would easily call an economic paradise, much of this was contributed to the government’s hands off policy of Calvin Coolidge.

__Cultural Clashes__ dave peterson

Cultural Clashes: In 1919- there were bomb plots in which 36 bombs were planned to be mailed to prominent americans (such as Oliver Holmes- Supreme Court justice, Rockefeller, JP Morgan, and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer) Immigration ensued much tension as many Americans resisted foreigners as they feared they would attempt to bring over Communism, bad things. The **Golden Door** signified the "goldenness" of America, walking through its "door" was seemingly golden.
 * The Red Scare**- (1917-1920) anticommunism, suspicion of Communists and radicals and the fear of Communism in the United States government
 * The Palmer Raids**- named after Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer (under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson) were mass arrests and deportations of immigrants who were suspected of being radicals.

__**Traditional moral values v. modernists**__

During the Roaring Twenties, the United States underwent a huge cultural change as the previous traditional values were tossed aside for a more progressive and modern attitude. Leading the change were the liberal metropolitan people of the cities who exploded onto the scene with a new energy fueled by musical, personal, and sexual expression. Their opponents were the the conservative and religious citizens of the rural South and West who sought to maintain the values of the generations before them. Two examples of this moral clash are Prohibition and the Scopes Trial.

-Julian  **Internationalism vs. Isolationism in the 1920's:** Sarah, Justin, Alex, Kyle
 * Prohibition**- the nationwide ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol as mandated by the 18th Amendment. It was a part of the temperance movement and supported by Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Protestants, the Anti-Saloon League, among many others. They believed that alcohol was evil and corrupts any who uses it; it was viewed as the cause for marital strife, violence, and indecency. Prohibition was ultimately a failure and repealed by the 21st Amendment. However, in its short lifespan, it promoted the growth of the mafia, the development of speakeasies, and resulted in a more liberal attitude in America
 * Scopes Trial**- a hugely controversial 1925 Tennessee court trial regarding the teaching of human evolution in school classrooms. John Scopes, a Tennessee high school teacher was charged with violating the Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution. The prosecutor for the case was three-time presidential candidate, Congressman and former Secretary of State, William Bryan Jennings and defending Scopes was the prominent attorney Clarence Darrow. Scopes was eventually found guilty and fined but the case would become influential in the topic of the separation of church and state.

America experienced a trend of isolationist foreign policy during the 20's. (As a reaction to WWI, the Americans sought independence and returned to 19th century ideology of withdrawal from world affairs)

Kellogg-Briand Act - America enters agreement with numerous foreign countries that all agreed to make war and intervention against international law. This drift toward independence is indicative of an isolationist mentality.

Withdrawl from Cuba - termination of Platt amendment

Washington Naval Conference - (Disarmament) - limit ships/country...Five-Power Naval Treaty - limited warships (*Sec. State Charles Hughes)

Internationalist policies: Revolve around economic benefits for the U.S. - masked by patriotic/propagandist declarations of neutrality and peacekeeping, wanted to be world mediators (ultimately led to further isolation)

Open Door Policy in China - said to respect the "integrity, independence" of China - but friendly relations also opened the U.S. to control of Asian markets/profits.

Situation in Germany - President Coolidge/Dawes Plan (and later Hoover's Young Plan) - help Germany with its economic struggles and reorganize system ^Weimar Republic = establish democratic ideals in Germany In all of these settlements, the U.S. sought the money that Germany would owe them after loans, but by 1929, the Depression affected the globe and structural weaknesses made these failures (esp. with emergence of Nazi/Hitler)

League of Nations - precursor to U.N. - based on Wilsonian ideals of "spreading democracy" - U.S. claimed neutrality and wanted to mediate (and control) international affairs to establish themselves on global scale and reap huge economic rewards (loans, trade agreements).

Public opinion of the time was largely anti-war, especially after World War I. The independent spirit of the 20's extended to foreign policies in which isolationism prevailed, although complex international relations forming as the U.S. declared neutrality would contribute to the Depression and WW2.

Group Five Mass Culture- carefree or insecure? __ The Harlem Renaissance: __ · Impacted urban centers throughout the U.S.  ·  Cultural spectrum (literature, drama, music, visual art, dance,) and realm of social thought (sociology, historiography, philosophy) as well as artists and intellectuals found new ways to explore black America and black life · Black artists rejected imitating styles of white America which is considered as insecure · Great Migration & industrialization contributed __ The Lost Generation: __ · Phrase by Ernest Hemingway in his novel “The Sun Also Rises” · Used to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and parts of Europe, same after military service in WWI · Also used for the generation of young people coming of age in the U.S. during or shortly after WWI __Creation of mass culture by radio, movies, and popular magazines:__ this was considered carefree ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Magazines such as “the surveying graphic” and “Fire” ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Silent films to “talkies” ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Radio shows like “Grand Ole Opry” and “Little Orphan Annie” popular __ Increased leisure time/ professional sports, amusement parks, national parks: __ ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Baseball ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb very popular(professional baseball players) this was carefree ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Coney Island amusement park created with controversy ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> National parks were being created in the west due to the land available and the magnificent sights this was considered insecure ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> In 1926, Congress authorized Shenandoah, Mammoth Cave, and Great Smoky Mountains national parks in the Appalachian region